Bladder Cancer in India
About Bladder Cancer ?
Bladder cancer is any of several types of cancer arising from the epithelial lining (i.e., the urothelium) of the urinary bladder. Rarely the bladder is involved by non-epithelial cancers, such as lymphoma or sarcoma, but these are not ordinarily included in the colloquial term "bladder cancer." It is a disease in which abnormal cells multiply without control in the bladder.
The most common type of bladder cancer recapitulates the normal histology of the urothelium and is known as transitional cell carcinoma or more properly urothelial cell carcinoma. Five-year survival rates in the United States are around 77%.
Bladder cancer is the 9th leading cause of cancer with 430,000 new cases and 165,000 deaths occurring in 2012.
Signs and symptoms
Bladder cancer characteristically causes blood (redness) in the urine. This blood in the urine may be visible to the naked eye (gross/macroscopic hematuria) or detectable only by microscope (microscopic hematuria). Hematuria is the most common symptom in bladder cancer. It occurs in approximately 80-90% of the patients.
Causes
Tobacco smoking is the main known contributor to urinary bladder cancer; in most populations, smoking is associated with over half of bladder cancer cases in men and one-third of cases among women.There is a linear relationship between smoking and risk, and quitting smoking reduces the risk.Passive smoking has not been proven to be involved.
Bladder Cancer
Screening
Devices are being tested (one involved a preliminary, small study of 98 samples of urine, all from men—24 who had cancer, and 74 with bladder-related problems but no cancer yet) in which the heating of urine samples causes chemicals in the urine to release certain gases, and are detected by the device, presumably because of irregularities in the chemicals and gases. The researchers became interested in such a method after hearing that dogs could be trained to detect cancer-related odors.
Instillations of chemotherapy, such as valrubicin (Valstar) into the bladder, can also be used to treat BCG-refractory CIS disease when cystectomy is not an option.